This is a highly revisionist book that challenges the accepted conclusions, chiefly those of Gibbon, on why the Roman Empire fell. It was not, the author argues, the result of unchecked barbarian invasions, or the assimilation of disloyal barbarians within the Empire, or over-taxation, or Christian unworldliness, or political corruption, or moral decadence. The author asserts that in the end Rome’s imperial aggression led to over-extension and therefore, with poetic justice, led to its own downfall. Yet he demonstrates convincingly that even in the late fourth century the Empire was still a formidable world power that no barbarian tribe could hope to challenge, and there was no shortage of outstanding military leaders such as Constantine, Julian, Stilicho, and Aetius to defend the Empire against the encroachments of barbarians. Every generation of historians makes these kind of revisionist arguments, but this book is provocative and provides a fresh look at old data.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/08/19/the-fall-of-the-roman-empire-by-peter-heather/
Aug 09 2014
Stop Saying Vagina
A while ago now, I jokingly (sort of) declared a desire to create “Say Vagina Day”. It was a reaction to an apparent reluctance and distaste for speaking the word. New Zealand society mildly imploded in on itself when the word ‘vagina’ was spoken on a television commercial. Grown women appeared to be more comfortable using terms that made them sound like a pre-schooler than to use the actual biological term. So I started a minor campaign to get everyone I know to say vagina at least once a week. Now months later, I am hoping we’ll stop saying vagina.
The female genitals are amazing, diverse and complex. The vagina is one part of this system. But when we speak of them, the vagina is all we know, all we acknowledge. There is a reasonable awareness of the clitoris, at least amongst my friends, how widespread I am not sure. But concepts such a labia, pubic mons and the vulva often gets a look of confusion. We don’t have a strong understanding of the female sexual body, even on a basic anatomy level. And if women, who possess the bodies are disconnected from it, I can only imagine it is far more distant for males.
So now, when we talk about female genitalia, female sexual and reproductive organs, more often than not we simply say ‘vagina’. I agree it is better than not having anything to say, or (in my opinion) the worst option of using cutesy childish terms like ‘vajayjay’. But the fact that it ‘could be worse’ isn’t enough to stop pushing for better.
A recent article on The Telegraph website about an arts student that created knickers that depicted a women’s internal reproductive organs got me thinking. Just looking at the picture (see below) I had a mixed reaction of how great it was to have such a direct depiction, and at the same time worried that it linked female sexuality to her reproductive ability.
But it was reading the article further that caused this rant. These pants, in this article and elsewhere were quickly labelled the ‘vagina pants’. Why with all the diversity and potential information did it all get narrowed down to the vagina?
For me this speaks clearly of the construction of the female body, and female sexuality in its relation to the male. When we talk and teach about sexuality, we so often create it in terms of heterosexuality and reproduction. The vagina is often described as the tube the penis enters, or the channel the baby is born through. Vagina is able to be spoken about because it is constructed as a device for male enjoyment and fulfillment, sexual or reproduction. The current common construction is the vagina exists for the benefit of men.
Female sexuality, the female sexual body has variety and complexity. We still struggle to talk about it within the reference to male sexuality. There is an underlying need to validate our body in relationship to the man’s approval and use. The vagina becomes a male instrument, rather than a female one. Female sexuality on its own is still disapproved and negated. An example is depictions of female only, or female focused sexual pleasure get a higher age restriction in movies than a males. The biological and anatomical changes that accompany female sexual arousal are not discussed. The message becomes males get erections, get a physical response to pleasure, females spread their legs.
We need to be more aware of the female sexual body. We need to have an understanding of it in its complexity. We need to be able to think and discuss it in the absence of the male. We need to have words like vulva and labia as commonly accepted as vagina, penis and testicles. We need to stop limiting females sexuality to their vaginas.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/08/09/stop-saying-vagina/
Jul 30 2014
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Volume I by Edward Gibbon
Although decline is the theme of this massive work, the Roman military machine shows itself still quite capable of defeating its enemies when competently led, and there is no shortage of outstanding emperors in this period. Special praise is reserved for Constantine, the great Christianizer and victorious general, and surprisingly, his antithesis, Julian the pagan restorationist who was equally successful on the battlefield. The decline seems to be in the morals of the populace rather than in the strength of the empire, and from this book alone it is not easy to see why the empire should have eventually fallen. The book ends with an ominous and uneasy truce with the Goths under the emperor Theodosius, with the implication that the presence of the Goths within the empire will be its ruin, but even this does not seem to have been inevitable. Why did the Roman Empire fall? Perhaps, as Victor Hugo said of the reign of Napoleon, God grew bored with it.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/07/30/the-history-of-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-roman-empire-volume-i-by-edward-gibbon/
Jul 27 2014
The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon by Stephen King
It’s hard to say why I liked this book; nothing much happened in it, yet it was a delight to read. For a writer of horror, King has a real knack for getting inside the mind of a child; perhaps it was the childish imagination of a young girl lost in the woods that I found so appealing. Unlike most King novels, this one was mercifully short. And it contains some tantalizing glimpses into the theology and world-view of the country’s premier horror fiction writer. In spite of his vocation, King has a remarkably optimistic view of the universe; he believes something is out there, and that something is good and not evil. And hey, a little darkness and horror is all right, as long as everything comes out all right in the end. Well done, Steve.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/07/27/the-girl-who-loved-tom-gordon-by-stephen-king/
Jul 19 2014
Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson
Fascinating, insightful book. Ferguson argues that not only is Western Civilization the greatest civilization in the history of the world, but that it has no need to apologize for itself, a view that may seem obvious to some but that has come under attack in recent years. He argues that the West developed five “killer apps” that gave it an advantage over other civilizations: competition, science, the rule of law, modern medicine, consumerism, and the work ethic. But toward the end he acknowledges that other cultures are beginning to download these apps and apply them successfully, while the West appears to be on a trajectory of decline. However, he does not believe that the decline and eventual fall of Western Civilization is inevitable, although he does not suggest how the process may be reversed. He seems to have faith in the West’s power of innovation to deal with almost any problem. Excellent book, as a work of historical, political, cultural, and economic analysis.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/07/19/civilization-the-west-and-the-rest-by-niall-ferguson/
Jul 12 2014
Politics by Aristotle
Aristotle’s politics strike me as rather conservative. He believes some democracy is good, but not too much. The lower classes should be kept firmly in their place, and the upper classes should not have their property rights disturbed. He emphatically does not believe that all men are equal. He believes that education should be a public enterprise and not a private one. Like Plato, he has mixed feelings about music and music education; he believes some forms of music are edifying and others are corrupting. Like many intellectuals he admires Sparta’s repressive system of government from the convenient perspective of a distant observer who does not have to live under it. Like all of Aristotle’s works, this book is pretty dull, but it is one of his more readable treatises. Aristotle’s political philosophy is strikingly conventional; sensible, perhaps, but not terribly exciting, much like his ethics.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/07/12/politics-by-aristotle/
Jun 22 2014
The Korean War by Max Hastings
This is the best book on the subject I have read so far. The author is British and therefore has no patriotic ax to grind about either the motives or the performance of the United States in this war. He acknowledges that Syngman Rhee was a brutal and corrupt dictator who committed numberless atrocities against his own people, but he makes a compelling argument that the regime under Kim Il Sung was far worse, and given the status of North Korea today the argument is hard to refute. The Americans were guilty of ignorance and lack of tactical vision, but Hastings affirms that their motives for fighting the war were sound. Here is his concluding statement: “If the Korean War was a frustrating, profoundly unsatisfactory experience, more than thirty-five years later it still seems a struggle that the West was utterly right to fight.”
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/06/22/the-korean-war-by-max-hastings/
Jun 12 2014
The Wise Man’s Fear by Patrick Rothfuss
This book was so long and so frustrating that for a long time I have wanted to review it just so I could pan it. But I don’t feel that way now. This story has some unusual properties, like a mysterious magical potion made out of seemingly unimpressive ingredients. Kvothe is a character like no other I have encountered in fantasy literature. Like me, he is a perpetual student, but he is far more brilliant and witty and charming than I could ever hope to be. His desire to learn is part pure curiosity, part desire for power. He is precocious, but also self-deprecating, and quite used to things not going his way. Some of the phases of his adventures seem to go on too long, yet his rough-and-tumble journeys are strangely edifying to read about. In some strange way I feel that this book has imparted wisdom and courage to me, even though it’s basically a far out fairy tale. Entertaining, yet also fortifying, as the best stories are.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/06/12/the-wise-mans-fear-by-patrick-rothfuss/
Jun 11 2014
Modern Italy by John Foot
The author takes a thematic rather than a chronological approach to Italian history; I was skeptical at first, but he makes it work. The chief problem he attacks is why Italy never developed as a nation-state the way other European nations did. Italians have supposedly always lacked any sense of nationalism, but the author points out that Fascism is basically ultra-nationalism, and Italy was the first nation to have a Fascist movement and a Fascist regime. The family, the church, and the community rather than the nation however have always claimed the primary loyalty of Italians, and to this day they remain distrustful of the government and even the law enforcement services. There is a considerable outlining of sordid Italian politics in this book that helps one to understand this, but ultimately the book’s central question remains unanswered. This was not an exciting book, but it expanded my knowledge considerably.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/06/11/modern-italy-by-john-foot/
May 12 2014
For Reasons of State by Noam Chomsky
The first four chapters of this book deal with the perceived immorality and injustice of the Vietnam War. By now I am so used to Chomsky’s blame-America-first arguments that I tend to be dismissive of them, but his indictments in this book do make me stop and think. The rest of this book consists of rather abstract discussions of the nature of freedom and the relation of individual freedom to the state. Chapter Seven, which is a refutation of Skinner’s theory of behaviorism, is the most interesting chapter in the book, although it seems somewhat out of place. Chomsky is eloquent and logical but also a bit long-winded and tedious; he is clearly a product of the academic world, and his political ideas are well-intentioned but frankly pure fantasy. Orwell wrote about leftist intellectuals who are free to criticize the establishment and dream up utopias in the secure knowledge that they will never have any real power and therefore will never have any responsibility for governing. Yeah.
Permanent link to this article: https://www.thefrumiousconsortium.net/2014/05/12/for-reasons-of-state-by-noam-chomsky/